Security

Microsoft警告SolarWinds WHD遭主动利用与RCE攻击

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摘要

微软警告称,面向公网的 SolarWinds Web Help Desk 正遭到主动利用,攻击者可通过未授权远程代码执行进入系统,并借助 PowerShell、BITS、合法远程管理工具及 DLL sideloading 等低噪声手法窃取凭据、提升权限,甚至实施 DCSync 实现域级控制。此事之所以重要,在于一个暴露的 WHD 实例就可能成为整个企业网络沦陷的入口,组织应立即修补相关漏洞、减少公网暴露,并加强终端、身份与网络层的行为监测。

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Introduction: why this matters

面向互联网暴露的业务线(line-of-business)工具依然是高价值目标。Microsoft 已观察到真实攻击:只需攻陷一个 SolarWinds Web Help Desk (WHD) 实例,就可能成为进一步实现域范围沦陷的跳板。该攻击活动的特点包括“living-off-the-land” (LoTL) 行为、滥用合法管理工具以及低噪声持久化——这些战术往往能绕过仅依赖特征的防护控制。

What’s new / what Microsoft observed

Microsoft Defender Research 识别到从外网暴露的 WHD 服务器发起的多阶段入侵:

  • Initial access via WHD exploitation (RCE): 成功利用可在 WHD 应用上下文中实现未授权远程代码执行。Microsoft 尚未确认所使用的具体漏洞,但指出受影响系统对 CVE-2025-40551CVE-2025-40536CVE-2025-26399 均存在暴露。
  • Payload delivery using built-in tools: 入侵后,WHD 服务会启动 PowerShell,并使用 BITS 下载并执行载荷。
  • Legitimate RMM used for control: 在若干案例中,攻击者安装了 Zoho ManageEngine (RMM) 的组件(例如 ToolsIQ.exe 等痕迹)以获得交互式访问能力。
  • Credential access and privilege escalation:
    • 进行域用户/组枚举,包括 Domain Admins
    • 通过 wab.exe 加载恶意 sspicli.dll 实现 DLL sideloading,从而访问 LSASS 并更隐蔽地窃取凭据。
    • 至少一起事件进一步发展到 DCSync,表明已获得高权限凭据访问能力。
  • Persistence and evasion:
    • 反向 SSHRDP 访问。
    • 一种尤为隐蔽的技术:创建计划任务在开机时以 SYSTEM 启动 QEMU,将活动隐藏在 VM 中,同时通过宿主机端口转发 SSH。

Impact on IT admins and end users

  • Admins: 任何可公网访问的 WHD 实例都应被视为潜在的域级沦陷入口点。由于攻击者会混入常见管理活动(PowerShell/BITS/RDP/SSH),需要在终端、身份与网络层面开展基于行为的监测。
  • End users: 一旦获得域控能力,下游影响可能包括账号接管、密码窃取、服务中断,以及更高的勒索软件或数据窃取风险。
  1. Patch and reduce exposure immediately
    • 立即应用修复 CVE-2025-40551CVE-2025-40536CVE-2025-26399 的更新。
    • 在可行情况下移除公网暴露,限制管理访问路径,并提升日志记录(包括 WHD 组件,例如 Ajax Proxy)。
  2. Hunt for post-exploitation indicators
    • 使用 Microsoft Defender Vulnerability Management (MDVM) 定位存在漏洞的 WHD 服务器。
    • Defender XDR Advanced Hunting 中,关注源自 WHD 的可疑进程链(例如 wrapper.exe 启动 PowerShell/BITS),并排查在疑似入侵时间窗口后新增的 ManageEngine/RMM 相关痕迹。
  3. Evict unauthorized remote tooling
    • 识别并移除异常/未经授权的 ManageEngine RMM 组件,并调查其部署方式与来源。
  4. Contain and recover
    • 隔离疑似受影响主机,并从 WHD 可触达的服务账号与管理员账号开始轮换凭据
    • 调查身份沦陷信号(pass-the-hash/over-pass-the-hash)以及 DCSync 指标。

Microsoft 表示相关分析仍在进行中;防守方应假设主动利用仍在持续,并优先加强面向互联网应用的基础安全卫生与分层检测能力。

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